Journal: Behavioral neuroscience

Article Title: Memory-Enhancing Amygdala Stimulation Elicits Gamma Synchrony in the Hippocampus

doi: 10.1037/bne0000052

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overview of procedure: memory task, example histology, and memory performance. A, The illustration depicts a rat receiving brief unilateral electrical stimulation of the BLA immediately after exploring a novel object during the Study Phase as well as the rat encountering a duplicate of the same object again during the object recognition memory Test Phase. B, The schematic shows a full experimental procedure in which a rat encountered one object from each of three conditions on each trial while completing clockwise laps on a circular track. Stimulation objects (red, “S”) were followed by brief electrical stimulation to the BLA (denoted by a red star) immediately following the offset of exploration during the Study. No Stimulation objects (blue, “O”) were not followed by stimulation. New objects (green, “N”) were replaced by novel objects on the test. Object recognition memory was assessed on either the Immediate Test or the 1-Day Test. C, The left panel shows the postmortem marking lesion of a stimulating electrode localized to the BLA (dashed line) in a section stained for acetylcholinesterase (lateral nucleus, L; basal nucleus, BN; accessory basal nucleus, AB). Electrode tips were localized to the left and right BLA in all rats included for analysis. On the right, sections were stained with cresyl violet to facilitate localization of recording tetrodes in the pyramidal layer of CA1 (upper) and CA3 (lower) in the hippocampus. D, Rats remembered Stimulation objects better than No Stimulation objects on the 1-Day Test (p < 0.05). There was no difference in memory for objects on the Immediate Test. The dashed line indicates chance performance. Error bars show the SEM (n = 7).

Article Snippet: Surgery and Tetrode Positioning Stereotaxic surgery was performed on rats under isoflurane (1-3% in oxygen) to implant twisted bipolar stimulating electrodes (platinum, 0.0075 mm diameter, Teflon insulation, Plastics One, Roanoke, VA) bilaterally into the BLA (3.5 mm posterior, 5.2 mm lateral, and 8.9 mm ventral to bregma) and a chronic recording assembly with independently movable nichrome tetrodes over the right hippocampus (centered at 4.8 mm posterior and 4.1 mm lateral to bregma; CA3 centered at 4.2 mm posterior and 4.0 mm lateral to bregma, with a target depth of 4.4 mm ventral to bregma; CA1 centered at 5.2 mm posterior and 4.2 mm lateral to bregma, with a target depth of 2.0 mm ventral to bregma).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Theta-frequency medial septal nucleus deep brain stimulation increases neurovascular activity in MK-801-treated mice

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1372315

Figure Lengend Snippet: Experimental setup and fUSI recording protocol. (A) Schematic illustration of connectivity between the MSN and ROIs. Arrowheads represent axonal projections to and/or from MSN. (B) Experimental set-up showing the anesthetized mouse in a stereotaxic frame under the Iconeus One motorized probe mount. DBS stimulating electrodes were implanted on the left hemisphere and a sagittal plane of the right hemisphere was imaged. (C) Diagram of the protocol for the 60 min of continuous fUSI acquisition. After 5 min, saline or 1.0 mg/kg MK-801 was injected. After a total of 45 min of either theta, gamma, or no stimulation was applied for 5 min followed by 10 more minutes of recording.

Article Snippet: A 2 mm burr hole was then drilled to implant a twisted-pair bipolar stimulating electrode (E363T/2/SPC ELEC 0.008″/.2MM, Plastics One Inc., Roanoke, VA) targeting the midline MSN (AP: +0.7 mm, ML: −0.9 mm, from bregma.

Techniques: Saline, Injection

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: A spatial code for temporal information is necessary for efficient sensory learning

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adr6214

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Sketch of experimental setup for simultaneous patterned optogenetic stimulation and single-unit recording in AC and for intrinsic imaging. ( B ) AC window showing the location of a stimulation spot along the tonotopic axis of the primary auditory field (A1) with 64-channel silicon probe inserted via a hole in the coverglass (top right) to record single-unit responses to light patterns and illustrative data from three channels. ( C ) Responses of four AC neurons to different optogenetic stimulation patterns illustrating how spatiotemporal and spatial codes are extracted. ( D ) Sketch of the temporal modulation patterns applied to a single spot on the AC. ( E and F ) Z -scored responses of 344 single units to the 15 Hz high rate versus and 4 Hz high rate (E) and 15 Hz high rate versus 4 Hz low rate stimulations (F) ordered by preference for 15-Hz versus 4-Hz stimulation. Right: Difference in each neuron’s average firing rate between stimulations. ( G ) Accuracy of a neural decoder trained to discriminate between the optogenetic patterns based only on spatial information or with spatiotemporal information ( n = 344 units, bootstrap over units). ( H ) Sketch of the relative timing patterns applied to two spots A and B and the purely spatial pattern applied to either A or B. ( I and J ) Z -scored responses of 344 single units to A, B stimulations (I) and AB, BA stimulations (J), ordered by preference for A versus B stimulation. Right: Difference in each neuron’s average firing rate between stimulations. ( K ) Accuracy of a neural decoder trained to discriminate between the optogenetic patterns based only on spatial information or with spatiotemporal information ( n = 344 units, bootstrap over units).

Article Snippet: For MFB stimulation, a bipolar stimulation electrode (60-μm-diameter twisted stainless steel, PlasticsOne) was implanted using stereotaxic coordinates (antero-posterior−1.4, medio-lateral +1.2, dorso-ventral +4.8).

Techniques: Single-unit Recording, Imaging

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: A spatial code for temporal information is necessary for efficient sensory learning

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adr6214

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Sketch of experimental setup for behavioral discrimination of patterned optogenetic stimulation in AC and cranial window from an example mouse showing the location of the stimulation spots in the tonotopic axis of the primary auditory field. ( B ) Sample lick traces (top) and mean lick signal (bottom) for Go and NoGo trials in the task with temporal modulation and firing rate cues that the mouse successfully learnt (left) and in the task with temporal modulation cues only in which the mouse failed to discriminate (right). ( C ) Learning curves for an example mouse performing the two tasks with temporal modulation. ( D ) Learning curves for all mice performing the tasks with temporal modulation ( n = 7, error bars are SEM). ( E ) Accuracy at 2500 trials for all mice (paired Wilcoxon test, P = 0.031, signed rank value = 21, n = 6). ( F ) Learning curves for an example mouse performing the relative temporal order task and the spatial pattern task. ( G ) Learning curves for all mice performing each task ( n = 7, error bars are SEM). ( H ) Accuracy at 2500 trials for all mice (paired Wilcoxon test, P = 0.032, signed rank value = 27, n = 7).

Article Snippet: For MFB stimulation, a bipolar stimulation electrode (60-μm-diameter twisted stainless steel, PlasticsOne) was implanted using stereotaxic coordinates (antero-posterior−1.4, medio-lateral +1.2, dorso-ventral +4.8).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Active Membrane Properties and Signal Encoding in Graded Potential Neurons

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-19-07972.1998

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, Expected coherence functions as determined from the signal and noise spectra shown in Figure ​Figure6.6. Because of the highest signal-to-noise ratio for HS-cells at rest the expected coherence was highest too, for this experimental condition.b, Nonlinearity as defined by the difference between the expected and the measured coherence. This nonlinearity is highest when the cells were permanently hyperpolarized, producing full-blown action potentials in response to visual stimulation. The error bars at 1.5 Hz show the SEM for a single representative frequency.

Article Snippet: Stimulation Stimuli were generated on Tektronix 608 monitors by an image synthesizer (Picasso, Innisfree) and consisted of a one-dimensional grating of 14° spatial wavelength and 87% contrast displayed at a frame rate of 200 Hz.

Techniques: